Week of the Second Term: 8th Week
Topic: Historical Sites in Nigeria: Benin
Sub-Topic: The Edo (Benin) Culture and History: The People
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
- Describe the social structure and roles within Edo society.
- Discuss the traditional customs and practices of the Edo people.
- Explain the significance of the Oba (king) in Edo culture.
Entry Behaviour: Students should have prior knowledge of the general history of the Edo people.
Instructional Materials:
- Spectrum Basic History for Junior Secondary School 1 (Textbook)
- Visual aids depicting the social structure of Edo society
- Videos or documentaries about Edo traditions
Reference Materials:
- Suleiman, M.D., Nwagu, E.E., Anwar, A.A., Olaniyi, R.O., Ugbegili, S.I., & Afaha, P. (2014). Spectrum Basic History for Junior Secondary School 1. Lagos: Spectrum Books Limited.
- Ogbogbo, C.B.N., Famoroti, F., Audu, B.J., & Onwaniban, E. (2014). History for Nigerian Junior Secondary Schools Book 1. Lagos: University Press PLC.
Content
The Edo (Benin) Culture and History: The People
The Edo people, primarily located in the southern region of Nigeria, are known for their rich cultural heritage, history, and vibrant traditions. Centered in the ancient Kingdom of Benin, the Edo people have a distinct identity shaped by their social structures, beliefs, and artistic expressions. Below are key aspects of the Edo people and their culture.
1. Ethnic Identity and Language
- Ethnic Group: The Edo people are an ethnic group within Nigeria, primarily concentrated in Edo State, particularly in Benin City.
- Language: The primary language spoken by the Edo people is Edo, a language that has various dialects reflecting the diverse communities within the Edo-speaking population.
2. Social Structure
- Royalty: The Edo society is traditionally structured around a monarchy, with the Oba (king) serving as the spiritual and political leader. The Oba is highly revered and is considered a descendant of the gods.
- Chiefs and Nobility: Beneath the Oba are various chiefs and nobles, who play essential roles in governance, maintaining traditions, and executing the Oba’s directives. Each chief has specific responsibilities and titles, reflecting the kingdom’s complex hierarchy.
- Extended Families: The Edo people emphasize family values, with extended families often living together or maintaining close ties. This structure reinforces social bonds and support systems within the community.
3. Cultural Practices
- Religion and Spirituality: The Edo people have a rich spiritual life, with a belief system that encompasses ancestor worship and reverence for deities (known as “Osanobua”). Traditional religion is often practiced alongside Christianity, reflecting the influence of colonialism and modernity.
- Festivals: Cultural festivals, such as the Igue Festival, play a crucial role in the Edo community. These festivals celebrate the harvest, honor ancestors, and strengthen communal ties through music, dance, and rituals.
- Art and Craftsmanship: The Edo people are renowned for their artistic skills, particularly in bronze casting, ivory carving, and textile production. These crafts are often tied to their cultural and spiritual beliefs, showcasing the importance of art in their daily lives.
4. Occupations and Livelihoods
- Agriculture: Many Edo people engage in farming, cultivating crops such as yam, cassava, and maize. Agriculture remains a primary source of livelihood and sustenance for the community.
- Trade and Commerce: Benin City has historically been a center of trade, with markets bustling with merchants selling local goods, crafts, and agricultural products. The Edo people have a strong tradition of entrepreneurship and trade.
- Artisan Work: The Edo people are skilled artisans, producing various crafts, including pottery, textiles, and traditional weapons. These skills are often passed down through generations, preserving the cultural heritage of the community.
5. Historical Significance
- The Kingdom of Benin: The Edo people are the descendants of the ancient Kingdom of Benin, known for its advanced political organization, military strength, and rich cultural heritage. The kingdom’s history is marked by its interactions with European powers, including the Portuguese and British.
- Colonial Impact: The colonial era significantly impacted the Edo people, leading to changes in governance, culture, and social structures. The Benin Kingdom was annexed by the British in 1897, resulting in the looting of artifacts and a transformation of the traditional political landscape.
Step 1: Introduction
Lesson Presentation (Step-by-Step Procedure)
Others removed.
