Week Four
Subject: Basic Science
Class: Primary Five
Week of the Second Term: 4th Week
Topic: The Human Body (Skeleton)
- Subtopic 1: Hinge Joint (Elbow and Knee Joints)
- Subtopic 2: Observing and Discussing the Function of Hinge Joints
Instructional Objectives
At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to:
- Define what a hinge joint is and identify examples such as the elbow and knee joints.
- Explain how hinge joints function in allowing movement in one direction.
- Demonstrate the movement of hinge joints using their arms and legs.
Entry Behaviour
Pupils should already know the role of bones in movement and that joints are places where two bones meet to enable motion.
Instructional Materials
- Textbook
- Visual aids (posters showing different types of joints)
- Flashcards depicting human skeleton joints
Reference Materials
Ijiyemi, C. (2016). Foundations of Science & Technology for Primary School Book 5. Lagos: Metropolitan Publishers.
Oyinlola, M., Rahaman, B., & Ezeume, I. (2015). Basic Science and Technology for Primary School Book 5 (BEC Edition). Lagos: Spectrum Book Limited.
Content
Hinge Joint (Elbow and Knee Joints)
1. Definition of Hinge Joint
A hinge joint is a type of synovial joint that allows movement primarily in one direction, similar to the motion of a door hinge. It enables bending and straightening motions, providing a limited range of motion along a single plane. Hinge joints are designed to allow flexion (bending) and extension (straightening) movements.
2. Examples: Elbow and Knee Joints
- Elbow Joint: The elbow is a hinge joint formed by the humerus (upper arm bone), the radius, and the ulna (the two bones in the forearm). This joint allows the forearm to move towards and away from the upper arm.
- Knee Joint: The knee is another example of a hinge joint, connecting the femur (thigh bone) with the tibia (shin bone) and fibula. It permits bending and straightening of the leg, enabling movements such as walking, running, and jumping.
Observing and Discussing the Function of Hinge Joints
1. Identification
Hinge joints can be identified by their structure, which allows for movement in one primary direction. They consist of:
- Articular Surfaces: The ends of the bones forming the joint have a cylindrical shape, allowing for a rocking motion.
- Ligaments: These strong connective tissues stabilize the joint and prevent excessive movement.
- Joint Capsule: This surrounds the joint, containing synovial fluid that lubricates and nourishes the joint.
2. Function of Hinge Joints
Hinge joints are crucial for various everyday movements, allowing for smooth and efficient actions. They serve the following functions:
- Flexion and Extension: Hinge joints enable bending and straightening actions. In the elbow, flexion occurs when the forearm is brought closer to the upper arm, and extension happens when the arm is straightened. In the knee, flexion allows the leg to bend, while extension straightens it out.
- Stability: Hinge joints provide stability during movement, thanks to the strong ligaments and tendons that support them. This stability is essential for weight-bearing activities, such as standing and walking.
- Controlled Movement: The design of hinge joints restricts movement to one plane, allowing for controlled and precise actions. This is vital for tasks that require fine motor skills, such as writing or throwing.
- Weight Bearing: In the knee, the hinge joint plays a significant role in bearing weight while standing and moving. It absorbs shock during activities such as running and jumping, protecting the bones and joints from injury.
Step 1: Introduction
Lesson Presentation (Step-by-Step Procedure)
Others removed.
